Volume 2, Issue 5

Application of Remote Sensing for the Mapping of Geological Structures in Rainforest Area: A Case Study at the Matomb-Makak Area, Center-South Cameroon
Original Research
In the areas with rainforest vegetation, the use of SRTM (Shuttle Radar topography Mission) data because of their penetrative characters, high quality and availability, offers a new approach for the detection and interpretation of the geological structures. This paper presents the new structural mapping results of the Matomb-Makak area (western part of the Pan-African Yaoundé series), based on the combined field survey and satellite image processing methods. The study area is characterized by dense forest vegetation with difficult access, scarcity and discontinuity of the available outcrops. As a consequence, geological mapping in this type of environment is difficult, time-consuming, expensive, and even dangerous and not accurate. During the field work, 280 outcrops have been investigated in which five main lithological units have been distinguished. In order to identify the foliation trajectories and the fractures network of kilometric scale, the techniques of remote sensing were used. The processing of SRTM data led to the detection of linear anomalies. These anomalies have been verified and validated to structural map on the basis of field data. The analysis of the structural map indicates: (1) two directions of S2 foliation (NE-SW major direction, locally folded and NW-SE secondary direction), (2) one family of faults trending NW-SE which locally displace the foliation, (3) a ductile shear zone with NNE-SSW trends which deflects the S2 foliation. The two directions of foliation observed in the Matomb-Makak area as well as the NW-SE direction of fault are similar to those observed in the Yaoundé series by other authors. However, the structural map obtained from the interpretation of field data is quite different to that obtained from remote sensing. We have noticed that the folding structures resulting from the interpretation of the field data are not observed on the structural map obtained from the interpretation of satellite image processing. Thus, the mapping of foliation trajectories in the rainforest area on the solely basis of the field measurements, is most of the time, an extrapolation which does not represent the structural architecture at regional scale. It is concluded that the combination of field-based mapping and remote sensing methods are useful tool for the mapping of geological structures within the densely vegetated regions of southern Cameroun.
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Journal of Geosciences and Geomatics. 2014, 2(5), 196-207. DOI: 10.12691/jgg-2-5-3
Pub. Date: October 14, 2014
23421 Views8255 Downloads35 Likes
Bacteriological Contamination of Groundwater from Zango Local Government Area, Katsina State, Northwestern Nigeria
Original Research
Bacteriological contamination of drinking water is responsible for the occurrence of waterborne diseases such as typhoid fever, dysentry, cholera, meningitis and diarrhea. Little is known about the microbiology of well water in Nigeria as most analyses focuses on physical and chemical parameters. Faecal contamination of the wells comes from the presence of human and animal faeces. Groundwater has been recognized as playing a very important role in the development of our rural populace as most dwellers depend solely on water from hand dug wells and boreholes for their daily needs. In this study bacteriological quality of groundwater from hand dug wells were analysed in Zango Local Government Area of Katsina State with the aim of evaluating their suitability for domestic purposes. A total of 87 groundwater samples from the wells were collected for both dry and rainy season and analysed at National Research Institute for Chemical Technology Laboratory Zaria, Nigeria. The results indicate faecal contamination of the hand dug wells. The poor sanitary condition in the area and the closeness of some hand dug wells to pit-latrines, soakaways and dumpsites were identified as the factors responsible for the microbial contamination of the groundwater from the shallow aquifers. Boiling of water is recommended and subsequent hand dug wells should be cited far away from pit-toilet and soakaways to avoid contamination by leachates.
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Journal of Geosciences and Geomatics. 2014, 2(5), 186-195. DOI: 10.12691/jgg-2-5-2
Pub. Date: September 16, 2014
30532 Views9239 Downloads35 Likes3 Citations
Fluoride Contamination of Shallow Groundwater in Parts of Zango Local Government Area of Katsina State, Northwest Nigeria
Original Research
Serious health problems are experienced in many parts of the world due to high concentration of fluoride in drinking water which causes dental and skeletal fluorosis to humans. Zango Local Government Area of Katsina State, Nigeria is one such area where high concentration of fluoride occurs in groundwater. Though there are no major studies with reference to fluoride in the area in the past, the present study was carried out to provide baseline information on groundwater quality in Zango Local Government Area of Katsina State, Nigeria with emphasis on fluoride concentration. A total of 87 groundwater samples each were collected from hand-dug wells and boreholes in the area for both dry and wet seasons, between February 2011 to March 2012 and analyzed for fluoride concentration and other quality parameters at the National Research Institute for Chemical Technology Laboratory Zaria, Nigeria. The fluoride concentration in groundwater of the area ranged between 0.10 to 3.16 mg/l with a mean value of 0.94 mg/l for dry season and between 0.10-1.47 mg/l and an average value of 0.52 mg/l for the rainy season. The low concentration of fluoride in the rainy season is due to the dilution effect of rain-water. The study revealed that about 75% of the groundwater samples in the area that are suitable for human consumption fall within the sedimentary rocks of the Gundumi and Chad Formations as well as the Basement Complex rocks while 25% of the samples with high fluoride concentration above the permissible limit of 1.5 mg/l are from the Younger Granites Suites. Fluorite, a hydrothermal mineral in granite and due to its fast dissolution kinetics, is probably the source of fluoride in the groundwater in the area. The fluoride concentration map developed for the study was in agreement within the interpretation as the area dominated with sedimentary formations show low concentration of fluorite while the region occupy by younger granites show high fluoride concentration. This implies that fluoride-rich groundwater in the area emanates from the granite aquifers and the problem of fluorosis in the area is purely by natural processes. Communities living in the granite/rhyolite dominated region where cases of fluorosis have been observed should discontinue the use of groundwater from the area for domestic and drinking purposes. The Katsina State Government should provide an alternative source of drinking water for the people in the region.
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Journal of Geosciences and Geomatics. 2014, 2(5), 178-185. DOI: 10.12691/jgg-2-5-1
Pub. Date: September 16, 2014
25076 Views10079 Downloads32 Likes5 Citations